Tag: demat account

Unlock Investments: Your Guide to Demat Account Opening
Confused about demat accounts? Our guide simplifies demat account opening in India! Learn about charges, documents, and how to choose the right broker to start

Confused about demat accounts? Our guide simplifies demat account opening in India! Learn about charges, documents, and how to choose the right broker to start investing in the Indian stock market (NSE & BSE).

Unlock Investments: Your Guide to Demat Account Opening

What is a Demat Account and Why Do You Need One?

In today’s digital age, owning physical share certificates is a thing of the past. A Dematerialized Account, commonly known as a Demat account, is an electronic repository for your shares and other securities. Think of it as a digital locker where your investments reside securely. It’s a prerequisite for trading in the Indian stock market, whether you’re a seasoned investor or just starting.

Why is a Demat account essential? Here’s why:
- Mandatory for Trading: As mandated by SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India), you need a Demat account to trade in equity shares, bonds, mutual funds, and ETFs (Exchange Traded Funds) listed on the NSE (National Stock Exchange) and BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange).
- Convenience and Speed: Forget the hassles of physical certificates. Demat accounts allow for quick and seamless transfer of shares electronically.
- Security: Say goodbye to the risk of loss, theft, or damage associated with physical certificates. Your holdings are safely stored in electronic format.
- Reduced Paperwork: Trading becomes much simpler with reduced paperwork. No more cumbersome forms for every transaction.
- Corporate Benefits: Dividends, bonus shares, and rights issues are automatically credited to your Demat account.
- Ease of Access: You can access your Demat account statement online anytime, anywhere.
Understanding the Players: Depository Participants (DPs)

While you might think of your stockbroker as providing your Demat account, they’re actually acting as a Depository Participant (DP). In India, there are two central depositories:
- NSDL (National Securities Depository Limited): One of the largest depositories in India.
- CDSL (Central Depository Services (India) Limited): Another prominent depository facilitating Demat account services.
DPs are agents of these depositories, connecting you to the central system. Your broker acts as your DP, providing you with the platform to access and manage your Demat account.

Choosing the Right Depository Participant (DP)

Selecting the right DP is crucial. Here are factors to consider:
- Brokerage Charges: Compare brokerage charges across different DPs. Some offer lower charges for delivery-based trades, while others have competitive rates for intraday trading.
- Account Maintenance Charges (AMC): DPs usually charge an annual fee for maintaining your Demat account. Compare AMCs before making a decision.
- Trading Platform: Assess the user-friendliness and features of the DP’s trading platform. A good platform should be intuitive and provide real-time market data.
- Customer Service: Check the DP’s reputation for customer service. Look for responsive and helpful support channels.
- Research and Advisory Services: Some DPs offer research reports and advisory services to help you make informed investment decisions.
- Additional Features: Some DPs offer additional features like margin trading, access to IPOs, and integration with other investment products like mutual funds.
Eligibility Criteria for Opening a Demat Account

The eligibility criteria for opening a Demat account in India are quite straightforward:
- Resident Indian: Any resident Indian citizen can open a Demat account.
- NRI (Non-Resident Indian): NRIs can also open Demat accounts, but the process and regulations might differ slightly.
- Minors: A Demat account can be opened for a minor, with a parent or guardian acting as the account holder.
- Entities: Companies, partnerships, and other legal entities can also open Demat accounts.
Documents Required for Demat Account Opening

Gathering the necessary documents is a key step in the demat account opening process. You’ll typically need the following:
- Proof of Identity (POI): Any one of the following:
  
  PAN Card (mandatory)
  
  Aadhaar Card
  
  Passport
  
  Voter ID
  
  Driving License
- Proof of Address (POA): Any one of the following:
  
  Aadhaar Card
  
  Passport
  
  Driving License
  
  Voter ID
  
  Utility Bill (electricity, telephone, gas – not older than 3 months)
  
  Bank Statement (not older than 3 months)
- Proof of Income:
  
  ITR Acknowledgement
  
  Salary Slip (for salaried individuals)
  
  Bank Statement (for showing income)
- PAN Card: PAN card is mandatory as it is linked to your trading account.
- Passport-sized Photographs: Recent passport-sized photographs.
- Cancelled Cheque: A cancelled cheque from your bank account for verification purposes.
Step-by-Step Guide to Demat Account Opening

Here’s a simplified step-by-step guide to opening a Demat account:
1. Choose a DP: Select a DP based on your needs and preferences (brokerage charges, platform, customer service, etc.).
2. Fill out the Application Form: You can usually download the application form from the DP’s website or obtain it from their branch. Fill out the form accurately and completely.
3. Submit Documents: Submit the required documents (proof of identity, proof of address, PAN card, photographs, cancelled cheque) along with the application form.
4. In-Person Verification (IPV): Most DPs require an in-person verification (IPV) to verify your identity and documents. This can be done online via video call or in person at their branch.
5. Agreement: You’ll need to sign an agreement with the DP outlining the terms and conditions of the Demat account.
6. Account Activation: Once your application is approved and verified, your Demat account will be activated. You’ll receive your account details (Client ID) which you will use to log in to your trading platform.
Types of Demat Accounts

There are primarily two types of Demat accounts:
- Regular Demat Account: This is the standard Demat account for resident Indian investors.
- Repatriable Demat Account (for NRIs): This account allows NRIs to transfer funds and securities back to their country of residence, subject to applicable regulations.
- Non-Repatriable Demat Account (for NRIs): This account does not allow repatriation of funds and securities.
Charges Associated with a Demat Account

Be aware of the various charges associated with a Demat account:
- Account Opening Charges: Some DPs charge a one-time fee for opening a Demat account, while others offer free account opening.
- Annual Maintenance Charges (AMC): An annual fee charged by the DP for maintaining your Demat account.
- Transaction Charges: Charges levied for each transaction (buying or selling shares). These charges can be a percentage of the transaction value or a fixed fee per transaction.
- Dematerialization Charges: Charges for converting physical share certificates into electronic format (dematerialization).
- Rematerialization Charges: Charges for converting electronic shares back into physical certificates (rematerialization) – rarely used nowadays.
Linking Your Demat Account to Your Trading Account

To trade in the stock market, you need to link your Demat account to your trading account. Your trading account is the platform through which you place buy and sell orders. Most brokers offer both Demat and trading accounts. The linking process is usually straightforward and can be done online or through your broker.

Demat Account and Investments: Beyond Equity Shares

While primarily used for holding equity shares, a Demat account can also hold other investments, including:
- Mutual Funds: You can hold units of mutual funds in your Demat account, making it easier to manage your investment portfolio. This is particularly useful for Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs) and lump-sum investments.
- Bonds: Government bonds, corporate bonds, and other debt instruments can be held in your Demat account.
- Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): ETFs, which are similar to mutual funds but trade like stocks on the exchange, can be held in your Demat account.
- Initial Public Offerings (IPOs): When you apply for shares in an IPO, the allotted shares are credited directly to your Demat account.
- Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs): These gold bonds issued by the RBI (Reserve Bank of India) are held in dematerialized form in your Demat account.
Demat Account and Long-Term Investments

A Demat account is indispensable for long-term investments. Whether you are investing in equity for retirement, planning for your child’s education, or building wealth through investments in instruments like Equity Linked Savings Schemes (ELSS), Public Provident Fund (PPF) or National Pension System (NPS), a Demat account will become the cornerstone of your investments.

Closing a Demat Account

If you no longer need your Demat account, you can close it. Here’s a summary of the process:
1. Download Closure Form: Download the Demat account closure form from your DP’s website.
2. Fill out the Form: Fill out the form accurately and completely.
3. Transfer Securities: Transfer all securities from your Demat account to another Demat account or dematerialize them (convert them to physical certificates, though this is rarely done).
4. Submit the Form: Submit the completed form along with any required documents to your DP.
5. Account Closure: Your DP will process your request and close your Demat account after verification.
Conclusion: Start Your Investment Journey Today

Opening a Demat account is a crucial first step towards participating in the Indian stock market and building a diversified investment portfolio. By understanding the process, choosing the right DP, and managing your account effectively, you can unlock a world of investment opportunities and achieve your financial goals. Remember to do your research, compare different DPs, and choose the one that best suits your needs and investment style. Happy Investing!
November 12, 2025
Open a Demat Account in Minutes: Your Fast Track to Investing
Want to start investing in the Indian stock market? Learn how to open demat account in 5 minutes with our comprehensive guide! Understand KYC, documents needed,

Want to start investing in the Indian stock market? Learn how to open demat account in 5 minutes with our comprehensive guide! Understand KYC, documents needed, and choosing the right broker (Zerodha, Upstox, Angel One, etc.). Begin your investment journey today!

Open a Demat Account in Minutes: Your Fast Track to Investing

Introduction: Unlocking the Indian Stock Market

The Indian stock market offers tremendous potential for wealth creation. Investing in equities, mutual funds, IPOs, and ETFs is now more accessible than ever, thanks to the ease of opening a Demat account. A Demat account is essentially a digital locker where your shares and securities are held electronically. Think of it as a bank account for your investments, facilitating seamless trading on exchanges like the NSE (National Stock Exchange) and BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange).

Gone are the days of cumbersome paperwork and lengthy procedures. Today, opening a Demat account is a swift and straightforward process, often completed online in a matter of minutes. This article will guide you through the steps, empowering you to begin your investment journey without delay.

Why Do You Need a Demat Account?

Before we delve into the process, let’s understand why a Demat account is essential for investing in the Indian stock market:
- Mandatory for Trading: SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India), the regulatory body for the Indian securities market, mandates a Demat account for trading in equities and other securities.
- Secure and Convenient: Electronic holding of shares eliminates the risks associated with physical certificates, such as loss, theft, or damage.
- Easy Transfers: Transferring shares electronically is quick and hassle-free, facilitating seamless trading.
- Corporate Actions: Dividends, bonus shares, and other corporate actions are automatically credited to your Demat account.
- Access to Diverse Investments: A Demat account allows you to invest in a wide range of securities, including equities, mutual funds, IPOs, bonds, and ETFs.
Pre-requisites: Documents Needed to Open a Demat Account

Before you start the online application, ensure you have the following documents readily available in digital format (scanned copies or clear photographs):
- Proof of Identity (POI): PAN Card (mandatory), Aadhaar Card, Passport, Voter ID, Driving License.
- Proof of Address (POA): Aadhaar Card, Passport, Voter ID, Driving License, Bank Statement, Utility Bill (electricity, telephone – not older than 3 months).
- Proof of Income (POI): Bank Statement (last 6 months), ITR Acknowledgement, Salary Slip (last 3 months), Form 16, Demat Account Holding Statement. (Required only for trading in derivatives, not for equity delivery or mutual funds.)
- PAN Card: A scanned copy of your PAN card is mandatory.
- Photograph: A recent passport-sized photograph.
- Cancelled Cheque: A cancelled cheque with your name printed on it, serving as proof of your bank account details.
Keep these documents handy as you’ll need to upload them during the online application process.

Choosing the Right Broker: A Crucial Decision

Several brokerage firms in India offer Demat account opening services. Choosing the right broker is crucial as it impacts your trading experience, brokerage charges, and the quality of research and support you receive. Here are some popular brokers:
- Discount Brokers: Zerodha, Upstox, Angel One, Groww. These brokers offer low brokerage charges, typically a flat fee per trade, making them ideal for active traders.
- Full-Service Brokers: HDFC Securities, ICICI Direct, Kotak Securities. These brokers provide research reports, advisory services, and personalized support, making them suitable for beginners and investors who prefer assisted investing.
Consider the following factors when choosing a broker:
- Brokerage Charges: Compare brokerage charges across different brokers. Consider your trading frequency and investment style to determine the most cost-effective option.
- Trading Platform: Evaluate the trading platform’s user-friendliness, features, and accessibility (web, mobile app).
- Research and Advisory Services: If you need research and advisory support, choose a broker that offers comprehensive research reports and personalized recommendations.
- Customer Support: Check the broker’s customer support channels (phone, email, chat) and their responsiveness.
- Account Opening Charges and AMC: Understand the account opening charges and annual maintenance charges (AMC) associated with the Demat account.
The 5-Minute Demat Account Opening Process: A Step-by-Step Guide

Now, let’s walk through the process of opening a Demat account online. While the exact steps may vary slightly depending on the broker, the general procedure remains the same.
1. Visit the Broker’s Website: Go to the website of your chosen brokerage firm. Look for the “Open Demat Account” or “Sign Up” button.
2. Enter Your Basic Details: Fill in your basic details, such as your name, mobile number, email address, and PAN number. You may be required to verify your mobile number and email address via OTP (One-Time Password).
3. e-KYC (Know Your Customer): Complete the e-KYC process, which involves verifying your identity and address online. This usually involves providing your Aadhaar number. The broker will then fetch your details from UIDAI (Unique Identification Authority of India) based on your Aadhaar number.
4. Upload Documents: Upload the required documents, including your PAN card, proof of address, proof of income (if required), and photograph. Ensure the documents are clear and legible.
5. IP Verification (In-Person Verification): Some brokers may require you to complete an IPV. This is usually a short video call where you show your original PAN card and confirm your details. This is a regulatory requirement to verify your identity.
6. Choose Account Type and Plans: Select the type of Demat account you want to open (e.g., individual, joint) and choose a brokerage plan that suits your needs. Pay attention to the brokerage charges and other fees associated with the plan.
7. Nominee Details: Provide the details of your nominee, who will inherit your investments in case of your demise.
8. Review and Submit: Review all the information you have entered and uploaded, and then submit the application.
9. e-Sign the Application: Electronically sign the application using your Aadhaar number and OTP. This is a mandatory step to authenticate your application.
That’s it! The entire process, from filling in your details to e-signing the application, can take as little as 5 minutes, depending on your internet speed and the broker’s platform. In reality, document uploads and IPV might take a little longer, but the core application process is indeed very quick.

Verifying Your Account: The Final Step

After submitting your application, the broker will verify your details and documents. This verification process typically takes 24-48 hours. Once your account is verified, you will receive your Demat account details (account number and client ID) via email or SMS.

Investing Wisely: Building a Strong Portfolio

With your Demat account now active, you can start investing in the Indian stock market. Consider diversifying your investments across different asset classes, such as equities, mutual funds, bonds, and gold, to mitigate risk. Explore different investment options such as:
- Equity: Direct investment in stocks of companies listed on the NSE and BSE. Remember to conduct thorough research before investing in any stock.
- Mutual Funds: Investment in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other assets managed by professional fund managers. Consider SIP (Systematic Investment Plan) for disciplined investing.
- IPOs (Initial Public Offerings): Investing in the shares of companies that are newly listed on the stock exchange.
- ETFs (Exchange Traded Funds): Funds that track a specific index or commodity, offering diversification and liquidity.
- Bonds: Debt instruments issued by companies or governments, offering fixed income.
- PPF (Public Provident Fund): A government-backed savings scheme offering tax benefits and guaranteed returns.
- NPS (National Pension System): A retirement savings scheme offering tax benefits and investment options.
- ELSS (Equity Linked Savings Scheme): Tax-saving mutual funds that invest primarily in equities. These offer tax benefits under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.
Remember to invest according to your risk tolerance, investment goals, and time horizon. Consult with a financial advisor if needed.

Conclusion: Start Your Investment Journey Today!

Opening a Demat account is the first step towards participating in the Indian stock market and building wealth. With the ease of online account opening, there’s no reason to delay your investment journey. Choose a reputable broker, gather your documents, and follow the steps outlined in this article to open your Demat account in minutes. Happy investing!
November 12, 2025
Your Guide to Opening an Online Demat Account in India
Unlock the power of the Indian stock market! Learn how to open an online demat account, invest in shares, mutual funds, IPOs, and more. Your guide to online tra

Unlock the power of the Indian stock market! Learn how to open an online demat account, invest in shares, mutual funds, IPOs, and more. Your guide to online trading and secure investing with a demat account in India. Start your investment journey today!

Your Guide to Opening an Online Demat Account in India

Introduction: Taking Control of Your Investments

In today’s digital age, managing your finances is easier than ever. The Indian stock market, a dynamic landscape of opportunity, is now more accessible than ever, thanks to the advent of online platforms and, more importantly, the ease of opening an online demat account. Gone are the days of cumbersome paperwork and lengthy processes. Today, you can start your investment journey from the comfort of your home, empowered to take control of your financial future.

This comprehensive guide will walk you through everything you need to know about opening and managing an online demat account in India. We’ll explore the benefits, the process, the documents required, and how to choose the right Depository Participant (DP) for your needs, all within the context of the Indian financial market, governed by SEBI and teeming with opportunities on the NSE and BSE.

What is a Demat Account?

A Demat account, short for Dematerialization account, is essentially a digital locker for your financial securities. Think of it as a bank account, but instead of holding money, it holds your shares, bonds, mutual fund units, and other investment instruments in electronic form. Before the introduction of dematerialization, these securities were held in physical certificate form, which was prone to damage, loss, and forgery. Demat accounts have revolutionized the Indian stock market by making trading more efficient, secure, and transparent.

Key Functions of a Demat Account:
- Holding Securities: The primary function is to hold your investments in electronic form, eliminating the risks associated with physical certificates.
- Facilitating Trading: It’s essential for buying and selling securities on the stock exchanges (NSE & BSE). When you buy shares, they are credited to your Demat account; when you sell, they are debited.
- Receiving Dividends & Bonuses: Any dividends, bonuses, or rights issues related to your held securities are automatically credited to your linked bank account and reflected in your Demat account statement.
- Applying for IPOs: You need a Demat account to apply for Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) of companies listing on the Indian stock exchanges.
Why Open an Online Demat Account?

Opening a Demat account online offers a plethora of advantages over the traditional offline process:
- Convenience: You can open an account from anywhere, at any time, using your computer or smartphone. No need to visit a broker’s office.
- Speed: The online application process is significantly faster than the offline method. Verification is often done electronically, reducing the time it takes to activate your account.
- Cost-Effective: Many brokers offer discounted or even free Demat account opening as an incentive to attract new customers.
- Easy Access & Management: You can easily access your account details, track your investments, and execute trades through online platforms or mobile apps.
- Transparency: You receive regular statements and updates about your holdings, ensuring transparency and control over your investments.
The Process of Opening an Online Demat Account

Opening an online Demat account is a straightforward process, but it’s crucial to follow each step carefully:

1. Choose a Depository Participant (DP):

A DP is an intermediary between you and the Depository (NSDL or CDSL). They provide Demat account services. Choose a DP carefully, considering factors like brokerage charges, account maintenance fees, customer service, and platform usability. Popular DPs in India include major banks like HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, and SBI, as well as brokerage firms like Zerodha, Upstox, and Angel Broking. Consider the type of investments you plan to make – some DPs are better suited for frequent traders, while others are ideal for long-term investors focusing on mutual funds and SIPs.

2. Fill Out the Online Application Form:

Visit the DP’s website or app and fill out the online application form. You’ll need to provide personal details, including your name, address, date of birth, PAN (Permanent Account Number), Aadhaar number, and bank account details. Ensure all information is accurate to avoid delays or rejection.

3. e-KYC (Know Your Customer) Verification:

Most DPs use e-KYC, an online verification process, to authenticate your identity and address. This typically involves uploading scanned copies of your PAN card, Aadhaar card, and a cancelled cheque or bank statement. Some DPs also offer online video verification to further streamline the process.

4. In-Person Verification (IPV):

While increasingly rare, some DPs might require an In-Person Verification (IPV), where a representative from the DP will conduct a video call to verify your identity. This is usually done if there are discrepancies in your documents or if mandated by regulatory guidelines. The regulations surrounding KYC and Demat accounts are governed by SEBI guidelines.

5. Account Activation:

Once your application and documents are verified, the DP will activate your Demat account. You will receive your account details, including your Demat account number and client ID, usually within 24-48 hours. You can then link your Demat account to your trading account (if you have one) and start investing.

Documents Required for Opening an Online Demat Account

Having the necessary documents readily available will expedite the account opening process. Here’s a checklist of essential documents:
- Proof of Identity (POI): PAN card is mandatory. Other accepted documents include Aadhaar card, Voter ID card, Passport, Driving License.
- Proof of Address (POA): Aadhaar card, Passport, Driving License, Voter ID card, Bank Statement (not older than 3 months), Utility Bill (not older than 3 months).
- Proof of Income (POI): Bank statement (last 6 months), ITR acknowledgement slip, Salary slip, Form 16. (Required for trading in derivatives and margin trading).
- Passport-sized Photograph: A recent passport-sized photograph.
- Cancelled Cheque: A cancelled cheque with your name printed on it, or a bank statement verifying your bank account details.
Choosing the Right Depository Participant (DP)

Selecting the right DP is crucial for a smooth and rewarding investment experience. Consider the following factors:
- Brokerage Charges: Compare the brokerage charges for different DPs. Some offer a percentage-based brokerage, while others have fixed brokerage plans. Choose a plan that aligns with your trading frequency and investment style.
- Account Maintenance Charges (AMC): Most DPs charge an annual maintenance fee (AMC) for maintaining your Demat account. Compare AMCs and look for DPs that offer competitive rates or even waive the AMC for the first year.
- Platform Usability: The DP’s online trading platform and mobile app should be user-friendly and easy to navigate. Look for features like real-time market data, charting tools, and order placement options.
- Customer Service: Good customer service is essential, especially when you encounter issues or have queries. Check the DP’s reputation for customer support and responsiveness.
- Range of Services: Some DPs offer a wider range of services, such as research reports, advisory services, and access to IPOs and other investment products.
- Security: Ensure the DP has robust security measures in place to protect your account and personal information. Look for features like two-factor authentication and encryption.
Understanding Demat Account Charges

It’s important to be aware of the various charges associated with Demat accounts:
- Account Opening Charges: Some DPs charge a fee for opening a Demat account, while others offer free account opening as a promotional offer.
- Annual Maintenance Charges (AMC): As mentioned earlier, AMCs are charged annually for maintaining your Demat account.
- Transaction Charges: These charges are levied on each buy or sell transaction executed through your Demat account.
- Dematerialization Charges: Charges for converting physical share certificates into electronic form.
- Rematerialization Charges: Charges for converting electronic shares back into physical certificates.
- Pledge Charges: Charges for pledging shares held in your Demat account as collateral for a loan.
Linking Your Demat Account to Your Trading Account

To buy and sell securities, you need to link your Demat account to a trading account. A trading account is an account that allows you to place orders on the stock exchanges. Most DPs also offer trading account services, making the process seamless. You can link your Demat account to your trading account online through the DP’s platform.

Investment Options with a Demat Account

With a Demat account, you can invest in a wide range of financial instruments, including:
- Equity Shares: Buy and sell shares of companies listed on the NSE and BSE.
- Mutual Funds: Invest in various mutual fund schemes, including equity funds, debt funds, and hybrid funds. Many investors in India utilize SIPs (Systematic Investment Plans) through their Demat accounts to invest in mutual funds.
- Initial Public Offerings (IPOs): Apply for IPOs of companies planning to list on the stock exchanges.
- Bonds and Debentures: Invest in government and corporate bonds.
- Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Invest in ETFs, which are similar to mutual funds but traded on the stock exchanges.
- Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs): Invest in SGBs, which are government-backed gold bonds.
Tax Implications of Demat Account Investments

Profits earned from investments held in your Demat account are subject to taxation. The tax implications vary depending on the type of security and the holding period:
- Short-Term Capital Gains (STCG): Gains from selling equity shares held for less than 12 months are taxed at a rate of 15%.
- Long-Term Capital Gains (LTCG): Gains from selling equity shares held for more than 12 months are taxed at a rate of 10% on gains exceeding ₹1 lakh in a financial year.
- Dividends: Dividends received from companies are taxable as per your income tax slab.
It’s advisable to consult a tax advisor to understand the tax implications of your investments and plan your taxes accordingly. Many investors utilize ELSS (Equity Linked Savings Scheme) mutual funds through their Demat accounts to claim tax deductions under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.

Managing Your Demat Account Effectively

Once you’ve opened your Demat account, it’s essential to manage it effectively:
- Regularly Monitor Your Account: Keep track of your holdings, transactions, and account balance.
- Keep Your Contact Details Updated: Ensure your contact details (address, phone number, email address) are updated with your DP.
- Secure Your Account: Use a strong password and enable two-factor authentication to protect your account from unauthorized access.
- Review Your Statements: Regularly review your Demat account statements to identify any discrepancies or unauthorized transactions.
- Nomination: Nominate a beneficiary for your Demat account to ensure a smooth transfer of your securities in case of your demise.
Demat Account and Other Investment Options

While a Demat account is essential for trading in the stock market, it’s important to remember that it’s just one piece of the larger investment puzzle. Other popular investment options in India include:
- Public Provident Fund (PPF): A government-backed savings scheme offering tax benefits and attractive returns.
- National Pension System (NPS): A retirement savings scheme that allows you to invest in a mix of equity, debt, and government bonds.
- Fixed Deposits (FDs): A safe and secure investment option offered by banks and financial institutions.
- Real Estate: Investing in property can be a lucrative option, but it requires significant capital and careful planning.
Conclusion: Empowering Your Financial Future

Opening an online demat account is the first step towards unlocking the potential of the Indian stock market. By understanding the process, choosing the right DP, and managing your account effectively, you can embark on a rewarding investment journey and build a secure financial future. Remember to always invest responsibly, do your research, and seek professional advice when needed. The Indian financial market, with its diverse opportunities on the NSE and BSE, awaits your participation!
November 12, 2025
Demat Account: Your Gateway to Indian Stock Markets
Unlock the power of investing in India! Learn about Demat accounts: what they are, how to open one, and why they’re crucial for trading in shares, IPOs, mutual

Unlock the power of investing in India! Learn about Demat accounts: what they are, how to open one, and why they’re crucial for trading in shares, IPOs, mutual funds, and more on the NSE and BSE. Demystify the world of investing in Indian equity markets today!

demat account: Your Gateway to Indian Stock Markets

What is a Demat Account?

In today’s digital age, a Demat account, short for Dematerialization Account, is as essential as a bank account for anyone looking to participate in the Indian stock market. Think of it as a secure digital locker where your shares and other financial securities are held electronically. Before the advent of Demat accounts, trading involved physical share certificates, which were prone to damage, loss, and forgery. This made the entire process cumbersome and time-consuming. Today, thanks to the introduction of Demat accounts by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), trading is faster, safer, and more efficient.

Essentially, a Demat account eliminates the need to handle physical share certificates. All your holdings, whether they are equity shares of companies listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) or the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), mutual fund units, bonds, or even Initial Public Offering (IPO) allocations, are stored electronically in your Demat account. This electronic storage is managed by depositories like the National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) and the Central Depository Services Limited (CDSL), which act as custodians for your securities.

Why Do You Need a Demat Account?

There are several compelling reasons why you need a Demat account if you’re planning to invest in the Indian stock market:
- Mandatory for Trading: SEBI mandates that all trading in the Indian equity markets must be done through a Demat account. You cannot buy or sell shares without one.
- Safety and Security: Holding shares in electronic form eliminates the risks associated with physical certificates, such as loss, theft, or damage.
- Faster Transactions: Buying and selling shares is much faster and more efficient with a Demat account. Shares are credited to your account within T+1 days (trading day plus one day)
- Convenience: Managing your investments becomes easier as all your holdings are consolidated in one electronic account. You can access your account online and track your investments at any time.
- Reduced Costs: Dematerialization has significantly reduced the costs associated with trading. There are no stamp duty charges on the transfer of shares held in dematerialized form.
- Corporate Actions: When companies announce dividends, bonus shares, or stock splits, the benefits are directly credited to your Demat account electronically.
- Loan Against Securities: You can pledge your shares held in a Demat account as collateral to secure a loan.
How to Open a Demat Account in India

Opening a Demat account is a straightforward process. Here’s a step-by-step guide:

1. Choose a Depository Participant (DP)

A Depository Participant (DP) is an agent of the depository (NSDL or CDSL) through whom you can open and operate a Demat account. DPs can be banks, brokerage firms, or other financial institutions registered with SEBI. Some popular DPs in India include:
- HDFC Securities
- ICICI Direct
- Kotak Securities
- Zerodha
- Upstox
- Angel One
When choosing a DP, consider factors such as:
- Brokerage Charges: Compare the brokerage fees charged by different DPs for trading transactions.
- Account Maintenance Charges: Check the annual maintenance charges (AMC) for the Demat account. Some DPs offer zero AMC Demat accounts.
- Trading Platform: Evaluate the user-friendliness and features of the DP’s trading platform (website or mobile app).
- Customer Service: Assess the quality of customer service provided by the DP.
2. Fill out the Account Opening Form

You can obtain the account opening form from the DP’s website or a physical branch. Fill in all the required details accurately, including your personal information, PAN card details, address, and bank account details.

3. Submit KYC Documents

You need to submit Know Your Customer (KYC) documents to verify your identity and address. The following documents are generally accepted:
- Proof of Identity (POI): PAN card, Aadhaar card, Passport, Voter ID card, Driving License
- Proof of Address (POA): Aadhaar card, Passport, Voter ID card, Driving License, Utility bills (electricity, telephone, gas bill – not older than three months), Bank statement
- PAN Card: Mandatory for opening a Demat account.
- Passport size photographs: Usually 2-3 recent passport size photographs are required.
4. In-Person Verification (IPV)

As per SEBI regulations, DPs are required to conduct an In-Person Verification (IPV) to verify the identity of the applicant. This can be done physically at the DP’s office or through video conferencing.

5. Agreement and Account Activation

Once your application and documents are verified, the DP will provide you with an agreement that outlines the terms and conditions of the Demat account. Read the agreement carefully before signing it. After signing the agreement, your Demat account will be activated within a few working days.

6. Receive Account Details

Once your account is activated, the DP will provide you with your Demat account number and other relevant details. You can use this information to start trading in the stock market.

Types of Demat Accounts

There are mainly three types of Demat accounts available in India:
- Regular Demat Account: This is the most common type of Demat account and is suitable for Indian residents who wish to invest in equity shares, mutual funds, and other securities.
- Repatriable Demat Account: This type of account is designed for Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) who wish to invest in the Indian stock market and repatriate their funds back to their home country.
- Non-Repatriable Demat Account: This account is also for NRIs, but it does not allow them to repatriate their funds. The funds can only be used for investments within India.
Charges Associated with Demat Accounts

While opening and maintaining a Demat account is relatively inexpensive, there are certain charges associated with it:
- Account Opening Charges: Some DPs charge a one-time fee for opening a Demat account, while others offer free account opening.
- Annual Maintenance Charges (AMC): This is an annual fee charged by the DP for maintaining the Demat account. The AMC can vary depending on the DP.
- Transaction Charges: These are charges levied on each buy or sell transaction executed through the Demat account. The transaction charges are typically a percentage of the transaction value or a fixed fee per transaction.
- Dematerialization Charges: These charges are levied when you convert physical share certificates into electronic form.
- Rematerialization Charges: These charges are levied when you convert electronic shares back into physical certificates.
How to Use Your Demat Account

Once your Demat account is active, you can start using it to trade in the stock market. Here’s how:
1. Link Your Demat Account to Your Trading Account: You need to link your Demat account to a trading account with the same DP. The trading account is used to place buy and sell orders for securities.
2. Fund Your Trading Account: You need to transfer funds from your bank account to your trading account to buy shares.
3. Place Buy or Sell Orders: You can place buy or sell orders through the DP’s trading platform (website or mobile app).
4. Shares Credited or Debited: When you buy shares, they are credited to your Demat account after the transaction is settled. When you sell shares, they are debited from your Demat account.
Investing Through SIPs Using Your Demat Account

A Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) is a popular and disciplined way to invest in mutual funds. You can easily link your Demat account to your SIP investments. This allows you to hold your mutual fund units in dematerialized form, making it easier to manage your investments. Many DPs offer SIP facilities directly through their trading platforms. This allows you to set up and manage your SIP investments seamlessly.

Demat Account and IPOs

Applying for Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) has become significantly easier with the advent of Demat accounts. When you apply for an IPO, you are required to provide your Demat account details. If you are allotted shares in the IPO, they will be directly credited to your Demat account. This eliminates the need for physical share certificates and makes the IPO application process more efficient.

Tax Implications and Demat Accounts

Capital gains arising from the sale of shares held in your Demat account are subject to tax. Short-term capital gains (STCG) arise when you sell shares held for less than 12 months, while long-term capital gains (LTCG) arise when you sell shares held for more than 12 months. The tax rates for STCG and LTCG vary. It’s advisable to consult a tax advisor to understand the tax implications of your investments.

Popular Investment Options Accessible via Demat Account

A demat account unlocks access to a wide range of investment options, not just equity shares. Here’s a breakdown:
- Equity Shares: The most common investment, allowing you to own a piece of publicly listed companies on exchanges like the NSE and BSE.
- Mutual Funds: Invest in diversified portfolios managed by professionals. You can invest in equity, debt, or hybrid funds, including options like ELSS funds for tax saving under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.
- Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Similar to mutual funds but traded on stock exchanges like stocks. They often track indices like the Nifty 50.
- Bonds: Invest in debt instruments issued by corporations or governments.
- Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs): Government-backed bonds denominated in gold, offering a safe and convenient way to invest in gold.
- Initial Public Offerings (IPOs): Apply for shares of companies launching on the stock market for the first time.
Conclusion

A Demat account is an indispensable tool for anyone looking to invest in the Indian stock market. It provides a safe, convenient, and efficient way to hold and manage your investments. By understanding the basics of Demat accounts and following the steps outlined in this guide, you can easily open an account and start your investment journey.
November 12, 2025
Find the Lowest Trading Fees Demat App in India (2024 Guide)
Looking for the lowest trading fees demat app in India? Uncover the best discount brokers for cost-effective investing in stocks, mutual funds, IPOs, and more.

Looking for the lowest trading fees demat app in India? Uncover the best discount brokers for cost-effective investing in stocks, mutual funds, IPOs, and more. Maximize your returns and minimize brokerage charges! Compare fees, features & choose wisely.

Find the Lowest Trading Fees Demat App in India (2024 Guide)

Introduction: Why Trading Fees Matter

In the dynamic world of Indian equity markets, every rupee counts. Whether you’re a seasoned investor or just starting your investment journey, understanding and minimizing your trading costs is crucial. Brokerage fees, often overlooked, can significantly impact your overall returns, especially for frequent traders. Choosing the right Demat account with the most competitive pricing structure is therefore a strategic move for any savvy investor.

What is a Demat Account?

Before diving into the intricacies of trading fees, let’s recap what a Demat account is. A Demat account, short for Dematerialization account, is an electronic repository for your shares and securities. It’s essential for trading on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) in India. Think of it as a digital locker where you store your investments. You need a Demat account to participate in Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), buy and sell stocks, invest in mutual funds, and trade in Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs).

Types of Trading Fees and Charges

Understanding the various fees associated with trading is essential to selecting the right Demat account. Here’s a breakdown of the common charges:
- Brokerage: This is the fee charged by your broker for executing buy and sell orders. It can be a percentage of the transaction value or a fixed fee per trade.
- Securities Transaction Tax (STT): This is a tax levied by the government on transactions done on the stock exchanges. It varies depending on the type of transaction (e.g., buying or selling equity shares).
- Exchange Transaction Charges: These are charges levied by the stock exchanges (NSE and BSE) for facilitating trading.
- SEBI Turnover Fees: The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) charges a small fee on the turnover of each trade.
- Stamp Duty: This is a state government tax levied on the transfer of securities. It varies from state to state.
- GST (Goods and Services Tax): GST is applicable on brokerage and other services provided by the broker.
- DP Charges (Demat Participant Charges): These charges are levied when shares are debited from your Demat account, typically when you sell shares.
- Account Maintenance Charges (AMC): Some brokers charge an annual fee for maintaining your Demat account.
The Impact of Trading Fees on Your Returns

Imagine you’re investing ₹10,000 per month through a Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) in equity mutual funds, aiming for an average annual return of 12%. Even a seemingly small brokerage fee of 0.1% per transaction can erode your profits over time. The higher the frequency of your trades, the more significant the impact. Over a long investment horizon, these seemingly insignificant fees can add up to a substantial amount, reducing the overall return on your investment. That is why selecting the lowest trading fees demat app is so important.

Different Brokerage Models in India

Indian brokers typically offer two main types of brokerage models:
- Traditional (Full-Service) Brokers: These brokers offer a wide range of services, including research reports, advisory services, and personalized support. They usually charge higher brokerage fees. Examples include brokers affiliated with major banks.
- Discount Brokers: These brokers offer a no-frills, online trading platform with minimal research and advisory services. They focus on providing a cost-effective trading experience with significantly lower brokerage fees, often a fixed fee per trade or a zero brokerage model for specific types of investments.
Factors to Consider When Choosing a Demat Account

While low trading fees are a primary concern, several other factors should be considered when choosing a Demat account:
- Brokerage Fees & Charges: Compare the brokerage rates, DP charges, AMC, and other associated fees across different brokers. Look for hidden charges.
- Trading Platform: The platform should be user-friendly, reliable, and offer advanced charting tools and features for technical analysis. Mobile app functionality is crucial for on-the-go trading.
- Customer Support: Assess the quality of customer support offered by the broker. Is it responsive and helpful in resolving your queries?
- Research & Advisory Services: If you need research reports and investment advice, consider a full-service broker. However, remember that this comes at a higher cost.
- Security: Ensure that the broker has robust security measures in place to protect your investments. Check for SEBI registration and adherence to regulatory guidelines.
- Range of Investment Options: Does the broker offer access to a wide range of investment options, including stocks, mutual funds, IPOs, bonds, and derivatives?
- Account Opening Process: A streamlined and hassle-free account opening process is a plus. Many brokers now offer online account opening with e-KYC verification.
Comparing Demat Account Providers: A Fee-Focused Approach

Understanding Zero Brokerage Options

Some discount brokers offer “zero brokerage” plans, but it’s crucial to understand the fine print. While they may not charge brokerage on equity delivery trades (buying shares and holding them for more than one day), they may still charge fees on intraday trades (buying and selling shares on the same day), Futures & Options (F&O) trading, and other services. Also, remember that STT, exchange transaction charges, and SEBI fees are still applicable regardless of the brokerage model.

Fixed Fee Brokerage Plans

Another popular model is a fixed fee per trade, regardless of the transaction value. This can be beneficial for traders dealing with larger volumes, as the percentage-based brokerage can become expensive.

Percentage-Based Brokerage (Traditional Model)

Full-service brokers typically charge a percentage of the transaction value as brokerage. This may seem small, but it can add up quickly, especially for high-frequency traders. This model is generally not the best option for investors primarily concerned about minimizing costs.

Investment Options Beyond Equity: Mutual Funds, IPOs, and More

When choosing a Demat account, consider your investment goals. Do you plan to invest only in equity shares, or do you also want to explore other investment options such as mutual funds, IPOs, Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs), or participate in the Sovereign Gold Bond scheme? Some brokers offer a seamless platform for investing in all these options, while others may have limitations.

Mutual Funds: Direct vs. Regular Plans

If you’re interested in investing in mutual funds, consider whether the Demat account allows you to invest in direct plans. Direct plans have a lower expense ratio compared to regular plans because they don’t involve distributor commissions, leading to potentially higher returns. Many discount brokers offer a platform to invest in direct mutual funds.

IPOs: Applying Through Your Demat Account

A Demat account is essential for applying for IPOs. Ensure that the broker’s platform allows you to easily apply for IPOs online. The Application Supported by Blocked Amount (ASBA) facility allows you to keep the funds blocked in your bank account until the shares are allotted, making the IPO application process convenient.

Tax Implications of Trading and Investing

Understanding the tax implications of your trading and investment activities is crucial for effective financial planning. Capital gains tax is levied on the profits you make from selling your investments. Short-term capital gains (STCG) apply to investments held for less than 12 months, while long-term capital gains (LTCG) apply to investments held for more than 12 months. The tax rates vary depending on the type of asset and the holding period. Investments in Equity Linked Savings Schemes (ELSS) qualify for tax deductions under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act, up to a limit of ₹1.5 lakh per year.

Beyond Stocks: PPF, NPS, and Other Investment Avenues

While equity investments offer the potential for high returns, it’s essential to diversify your portfolio across different asset classes. Consider investing in Public Provident Fund (PPF) for tax-free returns and long-term wealth creation. The National Pension System (NPS) is another option for retirement planning, offering tax benefits and a mix of equity and debt investments. Remember that a well-diversified portfolio can help mitigate risk and achieve your financial goals.

Conclusion: Making an Informed Decision

Choosing the right Demat account is a critical step towards achieving your financial goals. While minimizing trading fees is essential, consider other factors such as the trading platform, customer support, research services, and the range of investment options offered. Thoroughly research and compare different brokers before making a decision. By carefully evaluating your needs and preferences, you can select a Demat account that aligns with your investment style and helps you maximize your returns. Remember to review your portfolio and brokerage charges periodically to ensure that you are getting the best value for your money.
November 12, 2025
Unlock Your Investments: A Step-by-Step Guide to Online Demat Account Registration
Want to invest in the Indian stock market? Our guide simplifies the process of new demat account online registration. Learn about documents, charges, and choosi

Want to invest in the Indian stock market? Our guide simplifies the process of new demat account online registration. Learn about documents, charges, and choosing the right Depository Participant to start your investment journey on the NSE & BSE!

Unlock Your Investments: A Step-by-Step Guide to Online Demat Account Registration

Introduction: Stepping into the World of Indian Investments

The Indian financial landscape is brimming with opportunities for growth, and a Demat account is your key to unlocking them. Whether you’re a seasoned investor looking to diversify your portfolio or a beginner eager to take your first steps into the world of equity markets, understanding the process of opening a Demat account is crucial. With the increasing digitization of financial services, opening a Demat account online has become simpler, faster, and more convenient than ever before. This article provides a comprehensive guide to help you navigate the process of online Demat account registration and start your investment journey with confidence.

What is a Demat Account and Why Do You Need One?

A Demat account, short for Dematerialization account, is an electronic repository that holds your shares and securities in a dematerialized (electronic) form. Think of it as a bank account for your investments. Before Demat accounts, physical share certificates were the norm, which were prone to damage, loss, and cumbersome transfer processes. With Demat accounts, trading and holding securities have become seamless and efficient.

Here’s why you need a Demat account:
- Mandatory for Trading: As per SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) regulations, a Demat account is mandatory for trading in equity shares, bonds, mutual funds (in demat form), and other securities on the Indian stock exchanges (NSE and BSE).
- Safe and Secure: Dematerialization eliminates the risks associated with physical certificates, such as theft, forgery, or damage.
- Efficient Transactions: Buying and selling securities is much faster and easier with a Demat account. Shares are credited and debited electronically, eliminating the need for lengthy paperwork and transfer processes.
- Convenient Management: You can easily monitor and manage your entire portfolio online through your Demat account.
- Access to IPOs and Other Investments: A Demat account is essential for applying for Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) and investing in various other financial instruments.
Eligibility Criteria for Opening a Demat Account

Almost anyone can open a Demat account, provided they meet certain basic eligibility criteria:
- Resident Indian: Any Indian citizen residing in India can open a Demat account.
- NRI (Non-Resident Indian): NRIs can also open Demat accounts, but they need to follow specific guidelines and regulations set by SEBI and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
- Minors: A Demat account can be opened on behalf of a minor by their guardian (parent or legal guardian).
- Organizations: Companies, partnership firms, and other organizations can also open Demat accounts.
Choosing the Right Depository Participant (DP)

A Depository Participant (DP) is an agent of a depository like NSDL (National Securities Depository Limited) or CDSL (Central Depository Services Limited) through whom investors can access depository services. The DP acts as an intermediary between you and the depository. Choosing the right DP is crucial for a smooth and rewarding investment experience. Here are some factors to consider:
- Reputation and Reliability: Research the DP’s reputation and financial stability. Look for established brokers or banks with a proven track record.
- Charges and Fees: Different DPs have different fee structures. Compare account opening charges, annual maintenance charges (AMC), transaction fees, and other charges before making a decision.
- Trading Platform and Features: Evaluate the DP’s trading platform. It should be user-friendly, reliable, and offer the features you need, such as real-time market data, charting tools, and order placement options.
- Customer Service: Good customer service is essential. Ensure that the DP offers responsive and helpful support through various channels, such as phone, email, and online chat.
- Online Access and Convenience: The DP should offer convenient online access to your account, allowing you to manage your investments from anywhere, anytime.
Documents Required for New Demat Account Online Registration

To complete the online Demat account registration process, you will need to provide certain documents for verification. Keep these documents handy before you start the online application:
- Proof of Identity (POI): Any one of the following documents can be used as proof of identity:
  
  PAN Card (mandatory)
  
  Aadhaar Card
  
  Passport
  
  Driving License
  
  Voter ID Card
- Proof of Address (POA): Any one of the following documents can be used as proof of address:
  
  Aadhaar Card
  
  Passport
  
  Driving License
  
  Voter ID Card
  
  Bank Statement (not older than 3 months)
  
  Utility Bills (electricity bill, telephone bill, gas bill – not older than 3 months)
- Proof of Income (POI): Depending on the DP and the type of account you are opening (e.g., trading in derivatives), you may need to provide proof of income. This could include:
  
  Bank Statement (for the last 6 months)
  
  ITR Acknowledgment
  
  Salary Slip
  
  Form 16
- PAN Card: A copy of your PAN card is mandatory for opening a Demat account.
- Passport-sized Photograph: You will need to upload a recent passport-sized photograph.
- Cancelled Cheque: A cancelled cheque from your bank account is required for linking your bank account to your Demat account.
Step-by-Step Guide to Opening a Demat Account Online

The online Demat account opening process typically involves the following steps:
1. Choose a Depository Participant (DP): As discussed earlier, research and select a DP that meets your needs and preferences.
2. Visit the DP’s Website: Go to the DP’s website and look for the “Open Demat Account” or similar option.
3. Fill Out the Online Application Form: Carefully fill out the online application form with accurate information. This will include your personal details, contact information, bank account details, and nominee details.
4. Upload Required Documents: Upload scanned copies of the required documents (proof of identity, proof of address, PAN card, photograph, etc.). Make sure the documents are clear and legible.
5. IP Verification: Most DPs will require an In-Person Verification (IPV) process. This can now be done online via video call. You will need to show your original documents to the DP representative during the video call.
6. E-Sign the Application Form: Use your Aadhaar card and OTP authentication to e-sign the application form. This is a secure and convenient way to authenticate your application.
7. Review and Submit: Review all the information you have provided and submit the application form.
8. Account Activation: The DP will verify your application and documents. Once the verification is complete, your Demat account will be activated. You will receive your account details (client ID and password) via email or SMS.
Understanding Demat Account Charges

It’s essential to understand the different types of charges associated with a Demat account:
- Account Opening Charges: Some DPs charge a one-time fee for opening a Demat account. However, many offer free account opening.
- Annual Maintenance Charges (AMC): DPs charge an annual fee for maintaining your Demat account. The AMC can vary depending on the DP and the type of account.
- Transaction Charges: DPs charge a fee for each transaction (buying or selling) that you make through your Demat account. These charges can be a fixed amount per transaction or a percentage of the transaction value.
- Dematerialization and Rematerialization Charges: Dematerialization is the process of converting physical share certificates into electronic form, while rematerialization is the reverse process. DPs may charge a fee for these services.
- Pledge Charges: If you pledge your shares as collateral for a loan, the DP may charge a pledge fee.
Tips for Choosing the Right Demat Account

Here are some additional tips to help you choose the right Demat account:
- Compare Different DPs: Don’t settle for the first DP you come across. Compare the offerings of different DPs to find the one that best suits your needs and budget.
- Read the Fine Print: Carefully read the terms and conditions of the Demat account before opening it. Pay attention to the charges, fees, and other important details.
- Consider Your Investment Goals: Your investment goals and trading frequency will influence your choice of DP. If you are a frequent trader, look for a DP with low transaction charges. If you are a long-term investor, focus on the AMC and other long-term costs.
- Check for Offers and Promotions: Many DPs offer promotional offers, such as free account opening or discounted brokerage rates. Take advantage of these offers to save money.
- Read Reviews: Read online reviews of different DPs to get an idea of their reputation and customer service quality.
After Opening Your Demat Account: What’s Next?

Once your Demat account is open, you can start investing in the Indian stock market and other financial instruments. Here are some things to keep in mind:
- Link Your Bank Account: Ensure that your bank account is properly linked to your Demat account. This will allow you to transfer funds for trading and receive dividend payments.
- Understand the Trading Platform: Familiarize yourself with the DP’s trading platform and learn how to place orders, track your portfolio, and access market data.
- Start Investing Gradually: Don’t rush into investing. Start with small amounts and gradually increase your investment as you gain experience and knowledge.
- Diversify Your Portfolio: Diversify your investments across different asset classes, sectors, and companies to reduce risk. Consider investing in mutual funds, which offer diversification and professional management. SIPs (Systematic Investment Plans) are a great way to invest regularly in mutual funds.
- Stay Informed: Keep yourself updated on market news, company performance, and economic trends. This will help you make informed investment decisions.
- Consider Tax Implications: Understand the tax implications of your investments. Equity investments are subject to capital gains tax, while instruments like ELSS (Equity Linked Savings Scheme), PPF (Public Provident Fund) and NPS (National Pension System) offer tax benefits under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.
Conclusion: Empowering Your Financial Future

Opening a Demat account online is a straightforward process that can open up a world of investment opportunities. By following the steps outlined in this guide and carefully considering your needs and preferences, you can choose the right DP and start your journey towards financial success. Remember to invest wisely, stay informed, and seek professional advice if needed. Happy investing!
November 12, 2025
Open Demat Account with Bank: A Comprehensive Guide for Investors
Want to invest in the stock market? Learn how to easily open demat account with bank! Our guide covers eligibility, documents, charges, and benefits. Start trad

Want to invest in the stock market? Learn how to easily open demat account with bank! Our guide covers eligibility, documents, charges, and benefits. Start trading now!

Open Demat Account with Bank: A Comprehensive Guide for Investors

Introduction: Your Gateway to the Indian Stock Market

The Indian stock market, represented by the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), offers tremendous opportunities for wealth creation. However, to participate in this vibrant market, you need a Demat (Dematerialization) account. A Demat account holds your shares and other securities in electronic form, making trading seamless and secure. Many investors prefer to open demat account with bank for added convenience. This guide will walk you through the process, benefits, and considerations.

Why Choose a Bank for Your Demat Account?

Several advantages make banks a popular choice for opening a Demat account:
- Convenience: Many banks offer a 3-in-1 account, integrating your savings account, Demat account, and trading account. This streamlines transactions and makes managing your investments easier.
- Trust and Reliability: Banks are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and adhere to stringent security standards, providing a sense of security and reliability.
- Integrated Services: Banks often provide research reports, investment advisory services, and online trading platforms, helping you make informed investment decisions.
- Accessibility: With a wide network of branches and ATMs, banks offer easy access to your account and support services.
Eligibility Criteria for Opening a Demat Account

To open a Demat account in India, you typically need to meet the following eligibility criteria:
- Age: You must be at least 18 years old.
- PAN Card: A Permanent Account Number (PAN) card is mandatory.
- Address Proof: You need a valid address proof, such as Aadhaar card, passport, or utility bill.
- Identity Proof: You need a valid identity proof, such as Aadhaar card, passport, or voter ID.
- Bank Account: You must have a savings account with the same bank or a linked bank.
Documents Required to Open a Demat Account

Gather the following documents before starting the application process:
- PAN Card: Self-attested copy of your PAN card.
- Aadhaar Card: Self-attested copy of your Aadhaar card (can be used as both identity and address proof).
- Passport: Self-attested copy of your passport (can be used as both identity and address proof).
- Voter ID: Self-attested copy of your Voter ID (can be used as both identity and address proof).
- Driving License: Self-attested copy of your driving license (can be used as both identity and address proof).
- Bank Statement: A cancelled cheque or bank statement for bank account verification.
- Passport-sized Photographs: Recent passport-sized photographs.
Steps to Open a Demat Account with a Bank

Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to open a Demat account with a bank:

1. Choose Your Bank

Research and compare different banks offering Demat account services. Consider factors like brokerage charges, account maintenance fees, trading platform usability, and customer service.

2. Fill Out the Application Form

You can obtain the Demat account opening form from the bank’s website or by visiting a branch. Fill out the form accurately and provide all the required information.

3. Submit the Required Documents

Attach self-attested copies of all the necessary documents, including your PAN card, Aadhaar card, address proof, identity proof, and bank statement.

4. In-Person Verification (IPV)

Most banks require an in-person verification (IPV) to verify your identity and documents. You may need to visit the bank branch for this process. Some banks offer online IPV options as well.

5. Agreement and Terms & Conditions

Carefully read the agreement and terms & conditions before signing. Understand the charges, brokerage fees, and other relevant details.

6. Account Activation

Once the bank verifies your documents and completes the IPV, your Demat account will be activated. You will receive your account details and login credentials.

Charges Associated with a Demat Account

Be aware of the various charges associated with a Demat account:
- Account Opening Charges: Some banks may charge a one-time fee for opening a Demat account.
- Annual Maintenance Charges (AMC): Banks typically charge an annual fee for maintaining your Demat account. The AMC may vary depending on the bank and the type of account.
- Transaction Charges: These charges are levied for each transaction you make, such as buying or selling shares.
- Custodian Fees: These fees are charged for safekeeping your securities in electronic form.
- Dematerialization Charges: These charges apply when you convert physical share certificates into electronic form.
- Rematerialization Charges: These charges apply when you convert electronic shares back into physical certificates.
Understanding Key Investment Options in India

Once your Demat account is active, you can explore various investment options:
- Equity Shares: Investing in equity shares allows you to own a part of a company and potentially benefit from its growth.
- Mutual Funds: Mutual funds pool money from multiple investors to invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other assets. They are managed by professional fund managers. Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs) are a popular way to invest in mutual funds regularly.
- Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): ETFs are similar to mutual funds but are traded on stock exchanges like individual stocks.
- Initial Public Offerings (IPOs): IPOs are the first-time offerings of shares by a private company to the public.
- Bonds and Debentures: Bonds and debentures are fixed-income securities that offer a fixed rate of return.
- Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs): SGBs are government-issued bonds denominated in gold, offering a safe and convenient way to invest in gold.
Tax Benefits on Investments

Several investment options offer tax benefits in India:
- Equity Linked Savings Scheme (ELSS): ELSS is a type of mutual fund that invests primarily in equity shares and offers tax benefits under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.
- Public Provident Fund (PPF): PPF is a long-term savings scheme offered by the government that provides tax benefits under Section 80C.
- National Pension System (NPS): NPS is a retirement savings scheme that offers tax benefits under Section 80C and Section 80CCD(1B).
Tips for Choosing the Right Bank for Your Demat Account

Here are some factors to consider when selecting a bank for your Demat account:
- Brokerage Charges: Compare the brokerage charges of different banks to find the most competitive rates.
- Account Maintenance Fees: Check the annual maintenance charges (AMC) and other fees associated with the account.
- Trading Platform: Evaluate the usability and features of the bank’s trading platform. A user-friendly platform can make trading easier and more efficient.
- Customer Service: Consider the bank’s customer service reputation and responsiveness.
- Research and Advisory Services: If you need assistance with investment decisions, choose a bank that offers research reports and investment advisory services.
- Integration with Existing Accounts: If you already have a savings account with a particular bank, opening a Demat account with the same bank can offer added convenience.
Common Mistakes to Avoid

Avoid these common mistakes when opening and using a Demat account:
- Providing Inaccurate Information: Ensure that all the information you provide on the application form is accurate and up-to-date.
- Not Reading the Terms and Conditions: Carefully read the terms and conditions before signing the agreement.
- Not Monitoring Your Account: Regularly monitor your Demat account to track your investments and ensure there are no unauthorized transactions.
- Not Understanding the Charges: Be aware of all the charges associated with your Demat account, including brokerage fees, AMC, and transaction charges.
The Role of SEBI in Regulating Demat Accounts

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulatory authority for the securities market in India. SEBI plays a crucial role in regulating Demat accounts and ensuring the protection of investors’ interests. SEBI sets guidelines and regulations for Depository Participants (DPs), which are the entities that provide Demat account services. These regulations cover various aspects of Demat account operations, including account opening, maintenance, and transfer of securities. SEBI also handles investor grievances and takes action against DPs that violate its regulations.

Conclusion: Start Your Investment Journey Today

Opening a Demat account is the first step towards participating in the Indian stock market and building wealth. By following the steps outlined in this guide and considering the key factors discussed, you can choose the right bank for your Demat account and start your investment journey with confidence. Remember to stay informed, monitor your investments regularly, and seek professional advice when needed. With careful planning and execution, you can achieve your financial goals through the power of investing.
November 12, 2025
Demat & Trading Account Combo: Free Trading, Smarter Investing
Unlock seamless investing with a demat account with free trading account! Explore the benefits, charges, and how to choose the best option for your investment j

Unlock seamless investing with a demat account with free trading account! Explore the benefits, charges, and how to choose the best option for your investment journey. Start trading smarter today!

Demat & Trading Account Combo: Free Trading, Smarter Investing

Introduction: Navigating the Indian Investment Landscape

The Indian stock market, represented by the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), offers a plethora of opportunities for wealth creation. From seasoned investors to newcomers taking their first steps, understanding the fundamentals is crucial. Central to this journey are two indispensable tools: the Demat account and the Trading account. These accounts are the gateway to buying and selling stocks, mutual funds, and other securities in the digital age.

Traditionally, these accounts came with various charges and fees. Brokerage fees, account maintenance charges, and hidden costs could significantly impact your returns. However, the rise of discount brokers and fintech platforms has revolutionized the landscape. Now, it’s increasingly common to find offerings that bundle a Demat account with a free trading account, opening up investment opportunities for a wider audience.

Understanding the Demat Account

What is a Demat Account?

A Demat account, short for Dematerialization account, is essentially a digital locker for your securities. It holds your shares, bonds, mutual fund units, and other financial instruments in electronic form. Before the advent of Demat accounts, physical share certificates were the norm, leading to risks of loss, theft, and damage. Demat accounts eliminated these risks, making trading and investing significantly more efficient and secure. SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) mandates a Demat account for trading in the Indian stock market.

How Does a Demat Account Work?

When you buy shares, they are credited to your Demat account. Conversely, when you sell shares, they are debited from your account. This process is facilitated through depositories like NSDL (National Securities Depository Limited) and CDSL (Central Depository Services Limited). Your broker acts as a Depository Participant (DP), connecting you to the depository and managing your Demat account.

Key Features of a Demat Account:
- Electronic Holding: Securities are held in electronic form, eliminating the need for physical certificates.
- Easy Transfer: Transfer of securities is quick and efficient.
- Multiple Accounts: You can hold multiple Demat accounts with different DPs.
- Nomination Facility: You can nominate a beneficiary to inherit your securities.
- Corporate Actions: You automatically receive benefits like dividends, bonus shares, and rights issues directly into your account.
Understanding the Trading Account

What is a Trading Account?

A Trading account is the platform you use to place buy and sell orders in the stock market. It’s your interface to the exchanges (NSE and BSE) through your broker. It’s linked to your Demat account and your bank account, allowing you to seamlessly execute transactions.

How Does a Trading Account Work?

You log into your trading account through a website or mobile app, analyze market data, and place orders to buy or sell securities. The broker executes these orders on the exchange. The funds required for purchasing shares are debited from your linked bank account, and the proceeds from selling shares are credited to your bank account.

Key Features of a Trading Account:
- Order Placement: Allows you to place buy, sell, and other types of orders.
- Market Data: Provides real-time market data, charts, and analysis tools.
- Order Tracking: Allows you to track the status of your orders.
- Fund Management: Facilitates the transfer of funds between your bank account and trading account.
- Research Reports: Some brokers provide research reports and recommendations to help you make informed decisions.
The Appeal of a Demat Account with Free Trading Account

The concept of a Demat account with free trading account has gained immense popularity, especially among new investors, due to several compelling reasons. Here are some of the key advantages:

Cost Savings:

The primary advantage is the elimination of brokerage fees on trades. This significantly reduces the cost of investing, especially for frequent traders. While some brokers may offer “free trading,” they might charge for other services, so it’s essential to understand the complete fee structure.

Simplified Investing:

Having both accounts with the same broker streamlines the investment process. It eliminates the need to manage multiple accounts and transfer funds between different platforms. The entire process from opening the account to executing trades becomes more convenient.

Accessibility:

The availability of free trading accounts has made investing more accessible to a wider audience, including students, young professionals, and those with limited capital. It encourages more people to participate in the stock market and start their investment journey.

Transparency:

The competition among brokers offering free trading accounts has led to greater transparency in pricing and services. Investors can easily compare different brokers and choose the one that best suits their needs.

Evaluating “Free” Trading Accounts: What to Watch Out For

While the allure of a free trading account is strong, it’s crucial to understand the fine print and potential hidden costs. Here are some factors to consider:

Other Charges:

Brokers may not charge brokerage fees, but they might levy other charges such as account maintenance charges (AMC), transaction fees, platform fees, or charges for value-added services like research reports or advanced trading tools. Always inquire about the complete fee structure.

Platform Stability and Reliability:

A free trading account is only useful if the trading platform is stable and reliable. Ensure that the platform is user-friendly, provides real-time data, and executes orders quickly and efficiently. Downtime or technical glitches can lead to missed opportunities and potential losses.

Customer Support:

Reliable customer support is essential, especially for new investors. Choose a broker that offers prompt and helpful assistance through various channels such as phone, email, or chat. Test the customer support before committing to an account.

Research and Analysis Tools:

While some brokers offer free research reports and analysis tools, others may charge extra for these services. If you rely on research and analysis to make investment decisions, factor in the cost of these services when evaluating different brokers.

Data Security:

Ensure that the broker has robust security measures in place to protect your personal and financial information. Look for features like two-factor authentication and data encryption.

Beyond Equity: Demat Accounts and Other Investments

While Demat accounts are primarily used for trading in equity shares, they can also hold other types of investments, including:
- Mutual Funds: You can hold mutual fund units in your Demat account, simplifying the process of managing your investments.
- Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): ETFs, which are similar to mutual funds but traded on stock exchanges, can also be held in a Demat account.
- Bonds: Corporate and government bonds can be held in dematerialized form.
- Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs): These government-backed gold bonds are held in your Demat account, offering a safe and convenient way to invest in gold.
- Initial Public Offerings (IPOs): Applying for and receiving shares allotted in IPOs is seamless with a Demat account.
Tax Implications of Demat Account Transactions

Understanding the tax implications of your investments is crucial. Here’s a brief overview:

Capital Gains Tax:

Profits from the sale of shares and other securities are subject to capital gains tax. The tax rate depends on the holding period:
- Short-Term Capital Gains (STCG): If you sell shares within one year of purchase, the gains are taxed at 15%.
- Long-Term Capital Gains (LTCG): If you sell shares after one year of purchase, the gains are taxed at 10% on gains exceeding ₹1 lakh in a financial year.
Dividend Income:

Dividend income from shares and mutual funds is taxable in the hands of the investor. Companies deduct Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) on dividends exceeding a certain threshold.

Securities Transaction Tax (STT):

STT is a tax levied on the purchase and sale of shares. The rate varies depending on the type of transaction.

The Role of SIPs and ELSS in Demat Accounts

Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs) and Equity Linked Savings Schemes (ELSS) are popular investment options that can be easily managed through your Demat account.

SIPs:

SIPs allow you to invest a fixed amount in mutual funds at regular intervals (e.g., monthly). This helps you average out your investment cost and benefit from rupee cost averaging. You can easily set up SIPs through your trading account and track your investments in your Demat account.

ELSS:

ELSS funds are equity mutual funds that offer tax benefits under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act. Investments in ELSS qualify for a deduction of up to ₹1.5 lakh per financial year. ELSS funds can be held in your Demat account, allowing you to easily track your investments and avail of the tax benefits.

Comparing Demat Accounts and Trading Accounts: Key Factors

When choosing a Demat account and trading account, consider the following factors:
- Brokerage Charges: Compare the brokerage charges of different brokers, including equity, derivatives, and other segments.
- Account Maintenance Charges (AMC): Check the AMC for the Demat account and trading account. Some brokers offer lifetime free AMC.
- Platform Features: Evaluate the features of the trading platform, including charting tools, research reports, and order types.
- Customer Support: Assess the quality of customer support offered by the broker.
- Security: Ensure that the broker has robust security measures in place to protect your account.
- Margin Requirements: Understand the margin requirements for different segments and securities.
Beyond Demat: Exploring Other Investment Options

While equity markets offer high growth potential, diversifying your investments is crucial. Consider exploring other investment options such as:
- Public Provident Fund (PPF): A government-backed savings scheme that offers tax benefits and a guaranteed return.
- National Pension System (NPS): A retirement savings scheme that allows you to invest in a mix of equity, debt, and government securities.
- Fixed Deposits (FDs): A low-risk investment option that offers a fixed rate of interest.
- Real Estate: Investing in property can provide rental income and capital appreciation.
Conclusion: Making Informed Investment Decisions

Opening a Demat account with free trading account is a significant step towards participating in the Indian stock market and building wealth. However, it’s crucial to approach investing with a well-defined strategy, a thorough understanding of the risks involved, and a commitment to continuous learning. Always conduct your own research, seek professional advice when needed, and diversify your investments to mitigate risk. By making informed decisions, you can harness the power of the stock market to achieve your financial goals.
November 12, 2025
Instant Demat Account Opening: A Quick Guide for Indian Investors
Open your Demat account instantly! Learn about instant demat account opening, its benefits, required documents, and how to choose the best broker for your inves

Open your Demat account instantly! Learn about instant demat account opening, its benefits, required documents, and how to choose the best broker for your investment journey in India.

Instant Demat Account Opening: A Quick Guide for Indian Investors

Introduction: Entering the Indian Stock Market with Ease

The Indian stock market, encompassing giants like the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), has witnessed a surge in retail investor participation in recent years. Driven by increasing financial literacy and the desire to grow wealth, more and more Indians are turning to equity markets for investment opportunities. Central to this journey is the Demat account, a digital repository for holding shares and other securities.

Traditionally, opening a Demat account involved a cumbersome process with lengthy paperwork and verification procedures. However, the advent of technology and regulatory reforms by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) have revolutionized the process. Today, instant demat account opening is a reality, allowing individuals to begin their investment journey within minutes.

What is a Demat Account and Why Do You Need One?

A Demat account, short for dematerialized account, holds your shares and other securities in electronic form. Think of it as a bank account for your investments. It eliminates the need for physical share certificates, making trading and managing your investments much easier and more efficient. Here’s why you need one:
- Mandatory for Trading: SEBI mandates a Demat account for trading in equity shares, mutual funds (in dematerialized form), bonds, and other securities on Indian stock exchanges.
- Safe and Secure: Holding securities in electronic form eliminates the risk of loss, theft, or damage associated with physical certificates.
- Easy Transfer of Securities: Transferring shares is quick and seamless, executed electronically through your Demat account.
- Corporate Actions: You automatically receive benefits like dividends, bonus shares, and rights issues directly into your Demat account.
- Convenient Tracking: You can easily track your investment portfolio online through your Demat account statement.
Benefits of Instant Demat Account Opening

The convenience of opening a Demat account instantly offers several advantages:
- Speed and Efficiency: Say goodbye to lengthy paperwork and manual verification. The entire process is completed online in a matter of minutes.
- Accessibility: You can open a Demat account from anywhere with an internet connection, using your computer or smartphone.
- Paperless Process: The entire process is digital, reducing paperwork and promoting environmental sustainability.
- Reduced Costs: Many brokers offer discounted or even free Demat account opening as an incentive.
- Immediate Trading: Once your account is activated, you can start trading immediately, taking advantage of market opportunities.
The Instant Demat Account Opening Process: A Step-by-Step Guide

The process of opening a Demat account instantly is straightforward and user-friendly. Here’s a detailed guide:

1. Choose a Depository Participant (DP)

A DP is an agent of a depository (NSDL or CDSL) through which you access Demat account services. Popular DPs include:
- Full-service brokers (e.g., ICICI Direct, HDFC Securities, Kotak Securities)
- Discount brokers (e.g., Zerodha, Upstox, Angel One)
- Banks offering Demat account services (e.g., SBI, Axis Bank)
Consider factors like brokerage fees, platform features, customer support, and research capabilities when choosing a DP.

2. Visit the DP’s Website or App

Navigate to the DP’s website or download their mobile app. Look for the “Open Demat Account” or “Sign Up” option.

3. Fill the Online Application Form

You will need to provide personal details such as your name, address, date of birth, PAN card number, and bank account details. Ensure that all information is accurate to avoid delays in the verification process.

4. Complete KYC (Know Your Customer) Verification

KYC verification is mandatory as per SEBI regulations. You can complete KYC either online or offline.
- Online KYC (e-KYC): This involves verifying your identity and address using Aadhaar-based OTP authentication or video KYC. You will need to upload scanned copies of your PAN card and address proof (e.g., Aadhaar card, passport, driving license).
- Offline KYC: This involves submitting physical copies of your documents to the DP. This method is slower and less common for instant account opening.
5. Income Proof (If Required)

Some DPs may require income proof, especially if you intend to trade in derivatives (futures and options). Acceptable income proofs include:
- Latest salary slip
- ITR acknowledgement
- Bank statement
- Form 16
6. E-Sign the Agreement

You will need to electronically sign the account opening agreement using your Aadhaar-based OTP authentication or a digital signature certificate (DSC).

7. Account Activation

Once your application is verified, your Demat account will be activated within a few hours or a day. You will receive your account details (client ID and password) via email or SMS.

Documents Required for Instant Demat Account Opening

To open a Demat account instantly, you will typically need the following documents:
- PAN Card: Mandatory for all Demat account holders.
- Aadhaar Card: Used for address proof and e-KYC verification.
- Bank Account Details: Bank account number, IFSC code, and cancelled cheque.
- Passport-sized Photograph: A scanned copy for online application.
- Income Proof (Optional): Depending on the DP and your trading preferences.
Choosing the Right DP: Key Considerations

Selecting the right DP is crucial for a smooth and rewarding investment experience. Here are some key factors to consider:
- Brokerage Fees: Compare brokerage charges for different types of trades (equity delivery, intraday, futures and options). Look for competitive pricing and transparent fee structures.
- Platform Features: Evaluate the trading platform’s usability, features, and tools. A user-friendly platform with real-time data, charting tools, and research reports can enhance your trading experience.
- Customer Support: Assess the quality of customer support offered by the DP. Look for multiple channels of communication (phone, email, chat) and responsive support staff.
- Research and Advisory Services: If you are new to the stock market, consider DPs that offer research reports, investment recommendations, and advisory services.
- Account Maintenance Charges (AMC): Check the annual maintenance charges for the Demat account. Some DPs offer free AMC for the first year or waive it based on trading volume.
- Security and Reliability: Ensure that the DP has robust security measures in place to protect your account and data.
Beyond Demat Account: Investment Options for Indian Investors

Once you have your Demat account, you can explore various investment options in the Indian market:
- Equity Shares: Invest in individual companies listed on the NSE and BSE.
- Mutual Funds: Invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other assets managed by professional fund managers. Options include equity mutual funds, debt mutual funds, and hybrid mutual funds. You can invest via lump sum or through Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs).
- Initial Public Offerings (IPOs): Invest in newly listed companies through IPOs.
- Bonds and Debentures: Invest in fixed-income securities issued by companies or government entities.
- Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Invest in a basket of securities that track a specific index or commodity.
- Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs): Invest in gold in dematerialized form, offering a fixed interest rate and capital appreciation.
- National Pension System (NPS): A government-sponsored pension scheme that allows you to build a retirement corpus.
- Public Provident Fund (PPF): A long-term savings scheme with tax benefits and guaranteed returns.
- Equity Linked Savings Scheme (ELSS): Tax-saving mutual funds with a lock-in period of three years.
Conclusion: Empowering Your Financial Future

Instant Demat account opening has democratized access to the Indian stock market, empowering individuals to participate in the country’s economic growth. By understanding the process, choosing the right DP, and diversifying your investments, you can build a strong financial future and achieve your financial goals. Remember to conduct thorough research and consult with a financial advisor before making any investment decisions.
November 12, 2025
how to link bank with demat account

No content returned. Gemini error: Resource exhausted. Please try again later. Please refer to https://cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/generative-ai/docs/error-code-429 for more details.

November 12, 2025